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Helena Vieira

December 21st, 2016

Who are the discontents of globalisation?

1 comment

Estimated reading time: 5 minutes

Helena Vieira

December 21st, 2016

Who are the discontents of globalisation?

1 comment

Estimated reading time: 5 minutes

mncsJPMorgan London, by Håkan Dahlström, under a CC-BY-2.0 licence

The past months have been characterised by what can be called a “backlash against globalisation”. This development became most visible in the outcome of the Brexit referendum in the UK and the election of Donald Trump as the future president of the US. In both cases, the preceding campaigns massively referred to anti-globalisation sentiments in the population, as do others in Germany, France, the Netherlands, etc. The discussion about the origins of these phenomena has centred on the question whether those voting in favour of isolationism have, indeed, been left behind by globalisation, or whether the benefits of international market integration have simply not been communicated well to them. The latter perspective implies that voting against the integration of one’s own country into the world economy is an ill-informed, possibly irrational choice.

Economists have, on the contrary, always argued that – although economic globalisation has the potential to be beneficial ‘in sum’ – there may be winners and losers. In our recent research, we explore whether it is those who are likely to be harmed by globalisation that develop a negative view on international market integration. More specifically, we concentrate on the view that people hold on the effects of multinational enterprises, i.e. the most visible representatives of economic globalisation.

For our analysis, we use comprehensive survey data of about 25,000 persons from 32 countries and codify peoples’ attitude towards (foreign) multinational enterprises. We then analyse whether those individuals who are more positive (negative) about multinational enterprises are those whose socioeconomic traits make them more likely to win (lose) from multinational economic activity.

Across the countries that we analyse, some similarities can be observed: It is generally the younger, better educated individuals who have a more positive view on multinationals. Moreover, people who stand higher in their respective work hierarchies as well as richer individuals tend to welcome a large presence of foreign companies. This is not surprising: Younger, better educated persons are more likely to be employed by multinational enterprises and hence benefit from them directly. Better job positions indicate qualifications beyond pure school education, which may also be rewarded by multinational enterprises. Finally, those who earn a higher wage might be those benefitting directly from multinationals as employees, but it may also be the case that a generally higher income makes people more likely to consume the products and services offered by multinational enterprises and hence take a more positive stand on them.

However, we not only observe a large heterogeneity in the attitude towards foreign companies across individuals, but also across countries. Figure 1 plots the share of respondents who have a rather positive view on (foreign) multinational enterprises for all countries that we have analysed. We can see that in France, only 20 per cent of respondents do not express a negative opinion about the activity of multinational enterprises, whereas in Sweden, this share is close to 60 per cent. We show that this cannot be explained by the specific composition of the French and Swedish populations. Instead, we find that there are certain country characteristics that raise the likelihood that an individual expresses a more (less) hostile attitude towards multinational enterprises.

In particular, it is a robust finding that citizens of more unequal societies and of countries that are characterised by high corruption have a rather negative view on multinational enterprises. The same holds for countries where the domestic capital market is less developed. We interpret this as evidence that a macroeconomic and institutional environment that allows individuals to participate in the gains from the presence of foreign firms contributes to a more positive public attitude towards multinational enterprises.

Figure 1. Share of individuals who express a positive attitude toward multinational enterprises, by country

figure-1-globalisation-and-discontents

But it is not only the average acceptance of the activity of multinationals that differs across countries, but also the effect of individual characteristics on a person’s view of multinational firms. The more diverse the activities of multinational companies are in different settings, the more diverse their distributional effects can be – and consequently the potential to influence agents’ perceptions. Hence, individual traits that raise the likelihood that a person expresses a positive attitude towards MNEs in one country may result in a more negative attitude in another country.

The first example of such a constellation that we consider departs from the observation that foreign firms usually enter rich countries in order to serve the domestic market, while they usually enter poor countries to exploit low wage costs. This also implies a different demand for labour: In rich countries, work for multinational firms is likely to be particularly skill demanding, while in poor countries, multinationals rather hire low-skilled workers. This is also reflected in relative attitudes in developed and developing countries respectively: While in developed countries, higher-skilled workers clearly have a more positive attitude towards multinationals, this effect vanishes the poorer a country becomes, and eventually turns negative – i.e. in the poor countries in our sample less skilled workers have a more positive attitude towards multinational enterprises.

Moreover, we analyze how domestic firm owners perceive the activity of multinational enterprises in different types of countries. We find that firm owners in rich countries take a relatively positive stand towards multinational enterprises, while firm owners in poor countries show a particularly negative attitude towards them. Figure 2 shows by how much either group (skilled workers / firm owners) is on average more (or less) likely to take a positive stand towards multinationals in developed and developing countries, respectively, given all other personal characteristics.

Figure 2a. the figure indicates how a higher educational attainment, other things equal, affects the likelihood of adopting a positive attitude towards multinational enterprises in the richest and the poorest country of our sample, respectively.

figure-2a-globalisation-and-its-discontents

Figure 2b. The figure indicates how being a firm owner, other things equal, affects the likelihood of adopting a positive attitude toward multinational enterprises in the richest and the poorest country of our sample, respectively.

figure-2b-globalisation-and-its-discontents

Our results thus provide evidence that relative attitudes towards multinational enterprises are shaped by predictable economic and distributional effects of their activities. This is true across individuals, but also across countries. In addition, our findings demonstrate that implementing inclusive macroeconomic institutions and taking a specific look at the particular features of North-North and North-South globalisation may be a prerequisite for addressing the resentment against economic globalisation.

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Notes:


philipp-harmsPhilipp Harms is professor of international economics at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Germany). His main research areas are international economics, macroeconomics and political economy. He has published several papers in these areas as well as a masters-level textbook on international macroeconomics.

 

jakob-schwabJakob Schwab is a post-doctoral researcher at the German Development Institute (Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, DIE, Germany). His research focuses on North-South Globalization, and particularly the effects of foreign direct investment in developing countries and its interlinkages with international trade.

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Helena Vieira

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