When Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in France in 1685, German rulers responded to the exodus of skilled French protestant Huguenots by offering increasingly generous legal and religious freedoms. Kroen argues this episode reveals how interstate rivalry and competition shaped European economic history. Through an analysis of edicts issued by cities and states of the Holy Roman Empire, Arthur Kroen uncovers the competitive tendencies of rulers seeking to increase human capital levels in their territories.

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