By Michel Anteby, Carly Knight and András Tilcsik
There is an unusually high concentration of gay or lesbian workers in certain occupations. For example, both gay men and lesbians and are overrepresented in psychology, law, social work, and university teaching. And there are real occupational patterns behind some popular stereotypes, from the gay flight attendant to the lesbian truck driver.
Where does this kind of occupational segregation come from? This question has puzzled social scientists for nearly a century, but it is not simply an academic problem. Occupational segregation matters because it can lead to inequality between workers and limit the talent pool for employers trying to fill a position.
To understand the occupational segregation of gay and lesbian workers, we examined two hypotheses. The first one was about task independence—the ability to perform one’s tasks without substantially depending on coworkers. Task independence at work makes it easier to conceal one’s sexual orientation and reduces the negative repercussions of “coming out.” So we predicted that gay men and lesbians would be more likely to work in occupations with higher task independence (e.g., massage therapists and fire safety inspectors) than in ones with lower task independence (e.g., construction workers and fire fighters).
Our second prediction was about occupations that require a high level of social perceptiveness — that is, the accurate anticipation and reading of others’ reactions. Since gay men and lesbians tend to experience the threat of discrimination from a young age, knowing how to read social cues might be an important acquired skill for these individuals. Thus we expected that gay men and lesbians would be more likely to be in jobs that require high levels of social perceptiveness (e.g., psychologists and teachers) rather than in ones where such a skill is less needed (e.g., laboratory scientists and actuarial analysts).
Overall, our prediction is that gay and lesbian workers will tend to concentrate in occupations that provide a high degree of task independence or require a high level of social perceptiveness, or both. To the casual observer, these hypotheses may appear contradictory. It might seem that task independence implies limiting social interactions, while a need for social perceptiveness implies an emphasis on social interactions. In reality, these occupational characteristics are not necessarily at odds. Task independence refers to limited dependence on coworkers and supervisors. In contrast, occupations that require social perceptiveness tend to involve interactions with customers, for example, patients, clients, or students.
To test our hypothesis, we analysed data from two datasets. One was the 2008-2010 American Community Survey (ACS), which provides a nationally representative sample of nearly five million people in the United States. We also tested our hypotheses on a second sample, the fourth wave of the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, collected in 2008-2009. Consistent with our predictions, both gay men and lesbians tend to concentrate in occupations that provide task independence or require social perceptiveness, or both.
Table 1 lists occupations with the highest joint proportion of gay and lesbian workers. Table 2 separately lists female-majority occupations (i.e., those in which more than 50 percent of all workers are women) and male-majority occupations (i.e., those in which more than 50 percent of all workers are men) with the highest proportion of gay workers and the highest proportion of lesbian workers. In both tables, almost all occupations are associated with above-average task independence or social perceptiveness or both.
| Table 1. Occupations with the Highest Joint Proportion of Gay and Lesbian Workers |
|---|
| 1. Psychologists (S, T) 2. Training and development specialists and managers (S) 3. Social and community service managers (S, T) 4. Technical writers (T) 5. Occupational therapists (S, T) 6. Massage therapists (S, T) 7. Urban and regional planners (S, T) 8. Producers and directors (S, T) 9. Postsecondary teachers (S, T) 10. Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists (S, T) 11. Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors (S) 12. Physical therapists and exercise physiologists (S, T) 13. Computer and information systems managers (S, T) 14. Lawyers, and judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers (S, T) 15. Web developers (T) |
| S = Occupation requires above-average social perceptiveness T = Above-average task independence is associated with the occupation |
| Figure 2. Female- and Male-Majority Occupations with Highest Proportion of Gay or Lesbian Workers | ||
|---|---|---|
| Highest proportion of lesbians among female workers | Highest proportion of gay men among male workers | |
| Female-majority occupations | 1. Psychologists (S, T) 2. Probation officers/correctional treatment specialist (S, T) 3. Training and development specialists and managers (S) 4. Sociologists (S, T) 5. Social and community service managers (S, T) | 1. Flight attendants (S) 2. Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists (S, T) 3. Nurse practitioners (S, T) 4. Transportation attendants, except flight attendants (S) 5. Travel agents (S, T) |
| Male-majority occupations | 1. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 2. Elevator installers/repairers (T) 3. Heating, A/C, and refrigeration mechanics/installers (T) 4. Home appliance repairers (T) 5. Security and fire alarm systems installers (T) | 1. Actors (S, T) 2. News analysts, reporters, and correspondents (S, T) 3. Artists and related workers (S, T) 4. Agents/managers of artists, performers, athletes (S, T) 5. Producers and directors (S, T) |
| S = Occupation requires above-average social perceptiveness T = Above-average task independence is associated with the occupation |
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Our findings suggest that gay and lesbian workers might be drawn to a different set of occupations than heterosexual workers and perhaps bring with them a distinct set of skills to these occupations. Gay and lesbian workers probably developed some of these skills as a result of social adaptation to discrimination. As societies become more tolerant of same-sex relationships, however, the need to conceal one’s sexual orientation in everyday social interactions might fade over time. As a result, gay men and lesbians may lose their skill for social perceptiveness, which may make them less distinct in the labor market. But we expect that the patterns we observed will remain in place for the foreseeable future. Occupational patterns are usually slow to change because they continue to reflect earlier educational and career choices and because the gay- or lesbian-friendly reputation of an occupation can persist for a long time and continue to draw gay and lesbian workers.
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Notes:
- This article is based on the authors’ paper Concealable Stigma and Occupational Segregation: Toward a Theory of Gay and Lesbian Occupations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 2015, 60(3): 446-481.
- This post gives the views of its authors, not the position of LSE Business Review or the London School of Economics.
- Featured image by Nick Johnson, under a CC-BY-2.0 licence
Michel Anteby is an associate professor of organisational behaviour at Boston University’s Questrom School of Business. His research looks at how people relate to their work, their occupations, and the organisations they belong to. He received a joint Ph.D. in management from New York University and in sociology from EHESS (France).
Carly Knight is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Sociology at Harvard University. Her research addresses questions regarding the state, labor markets, and inequality. Current projects examine how labor market considerations affect gender attitudes and the efficacy of anti-discrimination law on corporate behaviour. She is also engaged in a historical research project addressing state corporate regulation; her dissertation investigates the history of corporate personhood law.
András Tilcsik is an Assistant Professor of Strategic Management at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto and a faculty fellow at the Michael Lee-Chin Family Institute for Corporate Citizenship. He studies the organisational aspects of work, employment, and occupations. He holds a PhD from Harvard University.
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I’d say gay men, and especially lesbians, are in jobs that progressive, educated Americans are into. Lesbians tend to be into cerebral jobs, while gay men are more in the stereotypical girly jobs, like retail, makeup artist, fashion, etc. Both lesbians and gay men are often in creative jobs, like writing and art. The social perceptiveness and task independence can be applied to any people who are different and discriminated against. It can apply to ethnic minorities, Aspies, people who are unfairly bullied, people who are considered unattractive, etc. Overall, what gay men and lesbians go into tends to fall into trends that their progressive American ideals dictate.
Women who have children may take up a different job because of them. I am not a lesbian but many of my pre-children type jobs look like the lesbian ones. I tutored at university (optometry and psychology), tutored outside of university in schools and homes (English and maths), I did some work as an artist, I was a psychiatric assistant for the criminally insane, (predominately a job for male workers). I have a psychology degree and worked as a program evaluator writing reports from feedback on educational courses and clinical therapy. After having children I looked after other peoples’ children as well as my own. That was so I could make money and bring up my own children at the same time. I did not earn a lot but my husband did so it did not matter. If I had been childless I would probably have gone to work in the dyslexia clinic at university and combined that with a PhD. Instead I home-schooled,(including secondary school level) and that does not count as a work force job.
You accidentally wrote text instead of test.
Thanks, Gui! I’ve fixed it now.
Surprised to see Flight Attendant 👨🏻✈️ not identified as above average task independent. It’s highly independent with very little interaction with management and a fresh slate every flight.
You have a typo: loose instead of lose.
Thank you, Ursula! We’ve just fixed it.
As a queer urban planner surrounded by very cishet normative colleagues, I just have to ask….where are my fellow queer planners at????
I am a gay man. When I was in high school I wanted to be a flight attendant. I didn’t realize their was any gay stereotype to that job at the time. Actually I just googled “high paying jobs without a university degree” because I wasn’t sure I wanted to go to university. Years later I discovered that was considered a very “gay job” which came as a surprise to me. In any case I went to school for psychology and ended up an artist. Lol, both very stereotypical anyways, but I always wondered why I was so attracted to being a flight attendant.
Segregation?
Did you ask the gay people why they chose these specific jobs. Was the choice made by the conscious or unconscious self?
Isn’t it possible that the personality traits vary depending on sexual orientation without making it an exact rule?
I choose my job as a flight attendant before knowing I was gay. When I was little I used to love making coiffures to my female friends with long hair, although in high school I chose the most “masculine” studies option; technology, physics, maths… there were only boys…
Your article does not make any sense. You assume that there is a logical and meditated reason why gay people choose some jobs more than others.
The funny thing is that I don’t know an area other than aviation where people are that passionate for what they do. Can we invent a passion???
Once again: segregation?
Something Id suggest, coming out at the workplace is not an appropriate setting, nor is discussing sexuality. Work is work, private matters should remain private. In other words, treat everyone with respect and dignity, regardless of whom they are, their orientation, ethnicity, religion etc.
So someone who’s gay shouldn’t be allowed to discuss their marriage or family at work? That’s the opposite of treating everyone with respect or dignity.
The article posits that gay people often choose task-independent jobs BECAUSE they want to keep things private and avoid being asked about their sexuality, which people often do.
I have considered (unproven) a theory that because LGBTQ+ individuals have to give so much thought, consideration to try to understand why we are different from heterosexuals and don’t fit historical society norms, that it leads to an interest in understanding other people and a skill for making connections (as opposed to the sense of rejection they have experienced, consciously or unconsciously). So belonging to the caring professions (eg. doctors, nurses, psychologists etc) would attract anyone LGBTQ+. I think a large percentage of therapists become therapists to help understand themselves as well as helping others. Other professions such as airline cabin crew about also about helping people and making connections with passengers to make their flight a pleasant one. Maybe I have made some generalisations but I think there are other professions such as hairdressers that support the theory that a job that helps build connections with others helps mend the rejection felt in earlier life experience.