Over 300 migrants travelling from Libya to Italy died on 3 October when the boat they were travelling in caught fire and sank in the Mediterranean. Nando Sigona writes that efforts to prevent further disasters taking place must focus on the reasons why migrants choose to risk their lives by travelling to Europe. He argues that the EU has not taken on its fair share of asylum seekers in comparison to developing countries in Africa and the Middle East, and that opening up the asylum process should be a key priority.
On 3 October a boat carrying migrants from Libya to Italy sank off the coast of the Italian island of Lampedusa, killing over 300 people. On 11 October a second shipwreck approximately 120 km from the island claimed the lives of at least another 30 migrants. At a time of crisis for the European project, when we witness various attempts to renationalise powers previously delegated to Brussels, tragedies like the one in Lampedusa can become an opportunity for the EU to reaffirm the principles on which the EU project was initially founded, and claim back a role that has recently been questioned as never before. Finding an EU answer to the tragedy of Lampedusa is therefore essential not only to avoid more deaths in the Mediterranean, but for the EU itself and its survival as a political project.
Cecilia Malmström, the EU Commissioner for Home Affairs, is well aware of this opportunity and is trying to find a solution, but there are no easy answers. Tragedies like the one in Lampedusa are no accident. Nor are the combined 19,142 deaths at the EU’s borders over the last 20 years. They are a ‘side-effect’ of the fortification of EU borders and the closure of legal routes to migration for low-skilled migrants, particularly those who are non-white and non-Christian.
Increasing the militarisation of the Mediterranean and sending Frontex (the EU agency for external border control) to patrol the coasts from Morocco to Turkey will not terminate the desire for people to leave their countries in search of a better future. On the contrary, it may end up forcing people towards even more dangerous routes. Smuggling is not the cause of migration, it is ‘a reaction to border control’. Moreover, we should not forget that many people are escaping from violence, persecution, and war, and the risks they are prepared to take are judged against this background, not some abstract health and safety handbook. Opening up opportunities for legal immigration – temporary, seasonal, long term – and making access to asylum for those escaping persecution possible would provide a more effective answer.
Less wealthy countries are doing much more that the EU’s member states to provide shelter and protection to refugees fleeing persecution in places like Syria, and (previously) Libya. The number of refugees who have been accepted on resettlement programmes in the EU is so tiny as to be embarrassing, particularly when compared to the hundreds of thousands of people hosted in countries like Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon and Tunisia.
What the EU is effectively doing is signing a cheque to house people as far away from its shore as possible. This is based on a narrow interpretation of the obligations deriving from the UN Refugee Conventions and international law. Protection is not only about keeping refugees alive in refugee camps located in remote areas. Protection is also about giving people the opportunity to rebuild their lives as autonomous and self-reliant individuals. Refugees are survivors. Given the opportunity, they will be able to create a new life for themselves. For many who have lost everything, this opportunity can only be found in Europe. Instead of providing support, the application process for claiming asylum in the EU is increasingly difficult. Often the only way to apply is to travel ‘illegally’, possibly on a boat like the one that sank off Lampedusa on 3 October.
Anti-immigration, anti-Islam, and Eurosceptic sentiments are strong in most EU member states, fed by political entrepreneurs willing to gain political capital and power out of the fear of ‘the other’. Directing societal anxieties towards external targets is a well-known tactic in times of crisis such as the one we are living in. This helps to divert attention away from domestic problems and maintain a sense of shared belonging.
What is at stake now, however, is who ‘we’ are – that is, are we Italians, English, French, Germans, or Europeans? Pro-EU politicians, like Commissioner Malmström, struggle to maintain and build forms of solidarity that cross national borders. By showing EU leadership in attempts to avoid such incidents in the future, and publicly mourning the deaths of migrants as Europeans (e.g. the visits of EU President Barroso and Commissioner Malmström to Lampedusa), the Commission can pro-actively make Lampedusa a truly European tragedy, claim the incident as an issue of home affairs, and strategically project the boundaries of ‘us’, as a community of values and solidarity, beyond individual member-states.
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Note: This article gives the views of the author, and not the position of EUROPP – European Politics and Policy, nor of the London School of Economics.
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Nando Sigona – University of Birmingham
Nando Sigona is a Birmingham Fellow and Lecturer in the Institute for Research into Superdiversity at the University of Birmingham. He is also one of the founding editors of the Journal Migration Studies. He is the co-author of Sans Papiers: The Social and Economic Lives of Undocumented Migrants (Pluto Press, 2014). He tweets @nandosigona
Why is this a European problem? We dont know how many of these people are sleeper cells for terrorist groups. They are the problem of Africa, it is an African problem for Africa to deal with. Our duty is ensuring they dont enter our waters.
Australia has been a target for organised criminal people smuggling.
LSE readers should google ‘The Pacific Solution’ to see the steps then government ministers Ruddock and Howard utilised to TOTALLY SHUT down this evil trade.
Both Ministers didn’t follow your suggested line, and this, doubtless, saved thousands of lives.
A following Government arrived and proceeded to dismantle The Pacific Solution.
Rumors and unconfirmed reports of deaths at sea followed. And denied by a Government unwilling to investigate THE FACTS. There followed The Christmas Island tragedy – which took place under camera. People died following Leftist nonsense thinking.
The new Government now returns refugees at sea to country of departure. And boat arrivals have rapidly dropped. Those that land are promised NEVER to set foot in Australia. They are given shelter at ‘third world’ destinations where they are free of persecution.
Many so called ‘refugees’ want immediate deportation to their so called place of persecution – when they realise they are not on the gravy train to a first world life style.
Thanks for writing this and raising awareness! What struck me about the article is the sentence: “refugees are survivors”. Having just returned from a humanitarian aid assignement in Lebanon, I can totally sign that statement: Refugees are often very resilient, capable people. We have to stop thinking that they are a burden to our countries. Rather, they are an added value. However, and independent of what they are, we as Europeans have an ethical obligation to help!
Heide, your sentiment founders on the facts of refugee unemployment. One group we import here (Australia) has a 100% unemployment rate – after 4 Years! [check Birrell / Monash University / Egyptian Males]. But the key problem is the triumph of imports over exports. Increasing your importations of people means more imports of goods and services to service their ‘needs’. Imports import. They rarely export. This bias damages your economy and a damaged economy makes it harder to maintain harmonious relations between communities/colonies. Much of Europe has been killed by out of control immigration. And nothing is more unplanned and out of control than the results of the people smuggling business.
I don’t see what good it does us to talk about economics here. Asylum is supposed to be a humanitarian act, whether we agree with it or not. It’s a bit like saying there’s no economic benefit to sending aid after a natural disaster. You justify it by a different standard.
It’s completely different to regular immigration, which it does make sense to judge by economic measures.
No worries Jack. Heidi made this unsubstantiated and emotional statement to justify support for the People Smuggling Business which has drowned thousands via offering – not refuge – but death – on the high seas courtesy of Gangsters. Heide said: Refugees are often very resilient, capable people. We have to stop thinking that they are a burden to our countries. Rather, they are an added value.
I debunked that myth. And a myth it is.
They are economic migrants. How do we know who is an Al Qaeda sleeping cell from these peoples? Australia deposits these people in the middle of nowhere while they are assessed we put them in our towns & cities where they get lost never to be seen again until the pop up on the radar of our security forces following & act of terror. The John Howard government had the right idea, keep them out or keep them secure until you could get them out.
@Frank
No problem, I can see where you’re coming from. I do think these two issues are occasionally conflated – as our good friend Joe seems to be doing.
My own opinion is that whatever we think about asylum seekers, you can’t judge it solely based on how much of a burden they are to a society. Something is either justified on humanitarian grounds (in which case the economics of it are of little importance) or it’s not a humanitarian issue (in which case they’re not really asylum seekers in the first place).