How can qualitative researchers collect data during social-distancing measures? Adam Jowett outlines several techniques researchers can use to collect data without face-to-face contact with participants. Bringing together a number of previous studies, he also suggests such techniques have their own methodological advantages and disadvantages and that while these techniques may appear particularly apt during the coronavirus crisis, researchers should take time to reflect on ethical issues before re-designing their studies.
The Covid-19 crisis is affecting the way that we work and we’re all learning how to work more remotely. It may also affect the way we go about conducting research. Many researchers are having to suspend data collection or re-design their projects taking into account social-distancing measures.
Much qualitative research typically relies on face-to-face interaction for data collection through interviews, focus groups and field work. But there are myriad ways researchers and students can collect qualitative data online or gather textual data that already exists. A book by social scientists Virgina Braun, Victoria Clarke and Deborah Gray titled Collecting Qualitative Data: A practical guide to textual, media and virtual techniques provides useful guidance on what these various techniques have to offer, what kinds of research questions they are most suitable for answering as well as specific ethical issues that require consideration. Other useful resources that have been crowd sourced include the LSE Digital Ethnography Collective Reading List and Deborah Lupton’s Doing Fieldwork in a Pandemic. These techniques can be broadly divided into data generation techniques (where the researcher generates data) and data sampling techniques (where the researcher collects texts that are already in existence).
For data generation, perhaps the most obvious is the use of video-calling (e.g. Skype/Zoom) or the use of text-based instant messaging (e.g. WhatsApp) to virtually replicate the face-to-face interview or focus group. Notwithstanding problems, such as participants not being able to use the technology or having a poor WIFI connection, video-calling is a close substitute to in-person interviewing and can allow for data to be collected over large geographical areas even when social distancing measures are not in place. In addition to video-calling, online surveys can also be used to collect qualitative data by asking respondents to type their responses to open-ended questions. Although qualitative surveys generate less rich data than interviews, they do maintain some of the benefits of qualitative research (e.g. the generation of unanticipated findings) and allow for data collection from a larger number of people, relatively quickly.
In terms of data sampling techniques, there is a wealth of potential data sources available. For example, print media (e.g. news and magazine articles) can easily be used to analyse social representations of a wide range of topics. Broadcast media (e.g. television or radio discussion programmes) can imitate focus group discussions on topics, meanwhile published autobiographies or blogs can provide first-person narratives for examining a wide range of human experience. Social scientists have also conducted qualitative analyses of textbooks, websites, political speeches and debates, patient information literature and so on. Online discussion forums and social media have also been used to examine a wide range of social phenomena. There may even be open-access qualitative data archives of research interviews and focus groups that you could use for your own purposes. Such sources of data can be useful whether you’re amid a global pandemic or not. For instance, they are easily accessible and the researcher is arguably examining the ‘real’ social world rather than artificially generating data specifically for the purposes of research. For student research, it can also be less ethically risky than inexperienced researchers interviewing people on potentially sensitive topics.
While all of these are viable options, they come with their own methodological advantages and disadvantages. For example, some may question whether media sources produced for specific purposes and that have undergone unknown editorial processes are valid sources of data for research. This depends on what research question you are trying to answer. While the validity of novel data sources is an important issue to consider, the validity of interviews and focus groups have also been questioned, not least due to social desirability biases and researchers directing the lines of questioning. Interviewing people online during a global pandemic (which is variously affecting everyone’s state of mind and behaviour) may also have implications for the validity of the research. Some might decide they wish to study the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic itself. While such studies might provide a useful snapshot of life during the crisis, the benefit of hindsight might provide a fuller picture. There are also complex ethical issues to consider when thinking of conducting research during a global pandemic and each of the methodological techniques suggested above come with unique ethical considerations.
The first thing to bear in mind is that the health and wellbeing of participants and researchers should take priority over research timelines and thesis/dissertation deadlines. So, while it may be possible to change your interviews from face-to-face to online interviews, researchers should consider whether asking people to participate in research at this time will put them under any additional unnecessary stress. For example, attempting to conduct online interviews with health professionals would most likely be inappropriate in the current context. Furthermore, if you are thinking of modifying your method of data collection, you should ensure you inform your ethics committee beforehand.
While analysing media content, policy documents and other official public content is relatively straightforward ethically speaking, content generated online by the public (e.g. forums, blogs, vlogs, reader comments) can be more ethically controversial. The key consideration is what constitutes ‘public’ or ‘private’ online and how might such research be received by those individuals or communities whose content has been used. Researchers should also check if their professional bodies have any specific guidance regarding online data collection. For example, the British Psychological Society has ethical guidelines for internet-mediated research. Researchers should also not assume that they do not require ethical approval to conduct such research.
This pandemic is leading us all to reflect on how we do things. Researchers should take time to pause and reflect on whether data collection can be postponed. For example, if you’re doing a PhD you could focus on desk-based aspects of the research (e.g. literature reviewing, writing up a section of the thesis). However, some students (e.g. Masters students) may not have this luxury and in the mid to longer term we may want to consider how we can conduct qualitative research at a physical distance. Many things about how we work may change as a result of this crisis and how we conduct qualitative research may well be one of them.
Note: This article gives the views of the author, and not the position of the LSE Impact Blog, nor of the London School of Economics. Please review our comments policy if you have any concerns on posting a comment below.
Featured image credit adapted from: Fathromi Ramdlon via Pixabay.
This is a really helpful piece, thank you
helpful resource indeed helped me do my fieldwork when I felt stuck
Thank you, really useful piece!
A great piece Adam. Many things to consider, and perhaps write to in a reflexive statement.
The security of platforms for video-calls and other virtual methods needs careful consideration in terms of both ethics (privacy, anonymity, confidentiality,) and GDPR compliance ( obtaining and filing informed consent, data security and storage)
Privacy and security of online data collection is a serious issue, I’ve written a guide on this here: https://www.quirkos.com/blog/post/online-interviews-focus-groups-qualitative-research
Really important points Muir – that are often missing from discussions about online research methods
Hey Adam,
This is a brilliant, informative and timely piece. Thank you!
Thoughtful and timely. Thanks
I finished my doctoral research late 2019. The data were collected through the WhatsApp audio application, transcribed using the Google Documents Dictate feature. The codes were constructed using Quirkos.
I have no doubt that the main questions during pandemic should be adressed by qualitative research, because we are to deal with people emotions and everybody is affraid of dying.
Very informative and insightful piece! I myself had to come back from the field much earlier than expected due to the coronavirus crisis. Your article gave me some ideas how to continue my research without breaching the social distancing policies (although it might still be hard considering it’s about food and senses). Many thanks!
This is a useful piece. COVID-19 raises new challenges to data collection, but you offer some ways around it if we must do it now.
Thank you for your insights. I find it very helpful since I’m planning to collect data for my thesis with Refugees in their camp, and unfortunately, I can not travel for my fieldwork.
Thanks a lot.
Kindly add What’s App in the sharing tools to Linked In, Tweeter, FaceBook….., since you alsomentioned it as a tool for data collection.
Interesting piece, you lead me to consider how I may approach my research for my Masters Dissertation next year and the options that are available within these challenging and unprecedented times.
Thanks very much for this really useful blog and also interesting to read the comments. At ODI we have a live site where we are compiling pieces on doing research remotely. We update it monthly. I have included this blog as well as the blog by Daniel Turner of Quirkos. Please all do send in any pieces you may know of and we can continue to share, learn, etc. Thanks! https://www.odi.org/publications/16977-primary-data-collection-covid-19-era
Thank you, Adam for this very interesting post. In case of interest, at the Evaluation Support Service of DG Development Cooperation of the EC we are managing the initiative Evaluation in Crisis (#EvalCrisis), which brings together similar reflections on adaptation of evaluation processes and methods (including qual and quant evidence gathering) in times of a global crisis such as the present Covid-19 one. This crisis is not only a dramatic series of events, but also an unprecedent occasion for learning and cross-fertilisation across different professions and fields of expertise. For those readers that are interested, our initiative is at https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/devco-ess
Our project involves ethnographic fieldwork (digital) involving the NHS sites, staff and NHS patients. Has anyone got approval for utilising these methods (using Teams, NearMe or WhatsApp). Most platforms banned by NHS as considered not secure.
Hi! Very insightful read, may I just ask is there any reference on APA regarding this? It will be very much helpful if there are guidelines from APA on how to conduct virtual interviews in the midst of pandemic! Thank you!
Thanks Adam, for this insightful piece. Of interest, I started my national field research with Irish secondary school teachers in late March 2020, three weeks into a full lockdown. However, the pandemic AIDED my research process, as collecting data (audio interviews – phone, transribed with Happyscibe and coded using Quirkos) was easier to schedule with my participants working from home. Some mentioned that they welcomed the intrustion, a break from the intensity of on-line classrooms, and it in a number of instances, it allowed time to break the interview sessions into two or three smaller sessions depending on their time constraints. Another advantage was that I had a allowed a number of weeks, but I found that due to travel savings I could shorten the fieldwork timeframe. Collectively within the college environs, those completing research managed a substantial saving in terms of carbon footprint (travel wise) but, I’m not sure if we added our carbon footprint with increased data centre demands. Very insightful, and it feels somewhat surreal that we are in a phase three lockdown with perhaps more to come. Thanks for Sharing
I can’t tank you enough for this piece.