Sally Broughton Micova looks at the most recent proposals aimed at establishing local TV broadcasters, and finds that the revised plans may lead to local stations that struggle to maintain their own independence.
The Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) has released its response to the consultation on local TV that ended in September, including the announcement of the first locations to be licenced. The response basically confirms the previously published framework, however it does attempt to address some concerns that have been previously raised. Nevertheless, as this process moves to Ofcom now for further consultations, two new twists should be considered carefully. These are the suggestion to revise the role of independent producers in broadcasting, and the proposed obligations on local TV to carry party political broadcasts (PPBs). Licences are to be granted through a ‘beauty contest’, but the numbers of interested parties are low. These new twists therefore raise a serious question: if the one contestant is too ‘ugly’ will Ofcom be able to use its discretion to not grant a licence.
Answering concerns raised by respondents, the revised plan pulls back from the overambitious minimum content requirements set out in the original framework, and insists only that they have news and serve the needs of the local community. This seems more achievable than the full spectrum of content genres listed previously. DCMS’s response also includes a plan to enforce the creation of a “local TV services industry body” through an obligation for participation connected to the licence, rather than leave it to the market to decide if local stations will team up to sell advertising and procure content.
More independent producers may mean less original UK content
According to current rules, independent producers cannot own more than 25% of a broadcaster and the government suggests that this be changed in order to allow independent producers a greater role in the development of local TV. At the same time it would consider whether the obligation derived from European level legislation that broadcasters procure at least 10% of their programming from independents, should be applied to local TV. The EU allows exceptions to this rule for local television and it is common practice.
Under the government’s plan the BBC is required to subsidise local TV by procuring content. If a local TV station is owned by an independent producer, will the content procured from it count towards the BBC’s independent producer quota? If not, will the independent producer loses its status and inclusion in such quotas on national stations? Such producers are likely to be oriented towards national and even international markets. If local TV content taken by BBC also counts towards nation’s quotas, how local will it be and how can it not lead to a net loss in UK original content?
More Party Political Broadcasts?
One of the main selling points for investment in local TV is the opportunity for more democratic discourse on local issues and participation in debate at the local level. But the government’s revised plan now includes both an obligation that local TV stations carry PPBs and that Ofcom consider revising the rules on PPBs for local TV. The government already has the BBC Trust considering adding one more PPB per year. I would argue that often local issues that merit debate, even those that involve elected officials or local party leaders, are often, and should be, outside of the major battles of mainstream party politics. What would be the impact of PPBs, particularly if allowed more frequently?
Also, what kind of owners will be able achieve enough financial security in the smaller local markets to protect themselves from political and business influences? I recently interviewed the managers of local televisions in two other European countries, and all struggled with pressure from political elites and were barely hanging on financially. Relying on a small circle of business for advertising, one manager said plainly that “everybody knows that small media are not independent”. He explained that he could not be too critical and still keep his advertising, “they don’t expect a favour, but you know that if you want to do business with the company you have to be nice”. This was in a town slightly larger than Preston and almost twice the population of Grimsby, both among the first locations to be licenced. Granted, political and business cultures differ across Europe, but the events and revelations of this year have shown that even in the UK unhealthy relationships between politics, business and media can exist.
Few expressions of interest for local licences
The questions about who should be getting local TV licences, and how equipped they will be to play a positive democratic role should be considered in the context of the numbers of parties that have so far expressed an interest. Licences are to be granted on the basis of a beauty contest. Based on the responses to DCMS’s consultation it seems that in most locations it will be a contest of one. For 20 of the 65 locations DCMS received no response and for 23 locations only one party expressed an interest in operating local TV. Even among the 20 locations proposed for the first round of licences, Oxford, Grimsby and Swansea had only one response, and four others had only two, including Edinburgh and Glasgow.
Ofcom will only grant one licence per location, but it seems it will not have much choice as to whom to grant it. One can only hope that criteria on institutional and editorial capacity, on independence and ownership, will be carefully set, and that Ofcom will have the option to find no applicant “beautiful” enough in these areas to get the licence. As not giving a licence at all, especially in places like Edinburgh or Oxford, would certainly look like a failure, will anyone be brave enough to not place the tiara at all?
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This article first appeared on the LSE Media Policy Project blog on 16 December.
There is no point in competing with the existing ITV or BBC regional television systems. In contrast this must be a service produced by and for the local community. The funding of low budget television will originate from product advertising in commercial breaks, programme sponsorship and product placement within the content of a programme. However, the use these promotional devices, should be within the financial capability of local business and services.
So the cost of programme making must far less than the expensive traditional cost of expensive personnel, facilities and equipment. How can that be done? In this country, there is an Aladdin’s cave of all these requirements not currently being used for on air production. Up and down the country, universities, colleges and schools possess a gold mine of broadcast quality facilities, together with lecturers, guest plus staff and students who have both limitless creative potential and technical knowledge to offer a service which could be the most important hands practical contribution to their education. Transmitters need to be determined and established with essential links to educational establishment centres at a calculated budget., but production costs by personnel and facilities that are already situated locally can make programme making within the scope of budgets affordable by the local community.
Nicholas Prosser