In the wake of the attack in Paris on the satirical magazine, Charlie Hebdo, discussion has centred around freedo of speech and whether Charlie Hebdo had gone too far in offending others. Paula Zoido-Oses writes that being offended is the small and unavoidable fee we all have to pay in order to enjoy liberal freedoms. Far from being oppressive or xenophobic, Charlie Hebdo and the ‘Je suis Charlie’ movement is fighting to defend the sort of rights and liberties that guarantee the smooth functioning of plural societies.
In the aftermath of the murder of several Charlie Hebdo cartoonists, the reproduction of their depictions of Muhammed and other Muslim figures has become a symbol of solidarity with the murdered. The moral acceptability and political adequacy of this stance is being questioned by an increasing number of commentators, inspiring a larger debate on the limits of free speech. The reasons given for this are many, but they boil down to a single argument: that by mocking Islam, Charlie Hebdo was contributing towards the exclusion of an already oppressed community in France, and therefore their cartoons were morally reprehensible in the first instance. Satire should be aimed at the big and powerful, we are told, and not against the weak: because then it is not satire, but bullying. And like with any other liberal freedom, the validity of freedom of speech stops where it is used to curtail the freedoms of others.
To this extent, some think that while the Charlie Hebdo attacks cannot be justified, we should at least try to understand and explain their causes. Attention is immediately brought towards the alienation and social exclusion endured by Muslims in France. Context matters, we are told, and in the French scenario Charlie Hebdo’s only served to increase an already pronounced Islamophobia. In the same way, The ‘Je suis Charlie’ movement is seen as reinforcing the narrative of the ‘us’ versus ‘them’ that nurtures hatred and terrorism, particularly in relationship to Islamic communities in the West. The logical conclusion is, then, that Charlie Hebdo should have avoided the publication of Islamophobic cartoons, rather than insisting on it. And of course, that as much as we should condemn the terrorist attacks, it is not out of order to refrain from reproducing the cartoons, for they only offend and harm the weakest. But was this not, in fact, what the terrorists wanted?
It is true that context matters: Charlie Hebdo had been fire-bombed in 2011 and its staff had been threatened in multiple occasions for its depictions of Muhammed and other Muslim characters. By choosing not to halt its provocation, Charlie Hebdo stood against those who wanted to supplant freedom with fear. Cartoons can be divisive and damaging, but far from intending to oppress any minority the cartoonist’s intentions were actually to defend freedom of speech for all – even for those that threatened them. Their pencils were met with threats, fire-bombs, and ultimately with Kalashnikovs. Even if a pen is mightier than a sword, the threat of a gun cannot be paralleled with that of a pencil. The cartoonists were in fact satirising the powerful, not bullying the weak.
The Charlie Hebdo cartoons did not intend to oppress or segregate any minority, but instead to defend freedom of speech for all. Theirs was an insistence on the fact that liberal societies should be run by means of dialogue and reason-giving processes, and never by the imposition of unquestionable principles – and least so by violent means. Within a liberal state, individuals can make use of a multiplicity of mechanisms to be heard and taken into consideration when they consider that a certain statement is harmful for their own freedom or that of others. When this is the case, we are all free to condemn and protest whilst ensuring that the rights and liberties of all remain in place. The terrorists were not willing to enter this game, and that is why the cartoonists at Charlie Hebdo stubbornly kept publishing the offensive cartoons.
Moreover, just as it is an error to regard the terrorists as representatives of all Muslims, it is also inaccurate to understand that the current reproduction of Charlie Hebdo cartoons is directed against the entire Muslim community. The ‘Je suis Charlie’ movement does not grant anyone carte blanche to ridicule minorities or inflame feelings of xenophobia – the limits to freedom of speech are not suspended. The ‘Je suis Charlie’ movement has simply picked up the pencil where the cartoonists were forced to drop it.
Its message is still the same: first, that violence is never an acceptable means of making oneself heard – to this extent, the cartoons remain as an act of defiance against the violent, whose protests shall not be considered until they are stated by the right means; and second, that being offended is the small and unavoidable fee we all have to pay in order to enjoy liberal freedoms. Far from being oppressive or xenophobic, Charlie Hebdo and the ‘Je suis Charlie’ movement is fighting to defend the sort of rights and liberties that guarantee the smooth functioning of plural societies. To this extent, it is undeniable that the ‘Je suis Charlie’ movement is polarising and divisive, but unless we are confused or ill-intentioned, we should see clearly how the division it creates is, in fact, a very necessary one.
Note: This article gives the views of the author, and not the position of the British Politics and Policy blog, nor of the London School of Economics. Please read our comments policy before posting. Featured image credit: Ben Ledbetter CC BY 2.0
Paula Zoido-Oses is a PhD candidate in the European Institute in the London School of Economics. She is writing a thesis that explores Isaiah Berlin’s thought. She is particularly interested in political and moral philosophy, liberalism and value pluralism, continental philosophy and philosophy of history.
An important subject for continued discussion.
However, should we also recognise that ‘Free Speech’ in the UK – within the boundaries of law – differs from that of France… and other EU and US states. Thus, I ask whether we lay guilty of double-standards and contradiction when politician leaders gather in UNITY to protect Free Speech given the differences in tolerance each Law permits.
Finally, in order to create a balanced approach to this debate might it be considered that our language extends to what was said about the Christianity religion by Charlie Hebdo editors. This is fundamental for balance as we can then become more analytical about the gap between belief, atheism and an agnostic approach to religion – and whether any of these gaps ever be worthy of insult, abuse or challenge by the press.
The author claims “The Charlie Hebdo cartoons did not intend to oppress or segregate any minority, but instead to defend freedom of speech for all.” This is completely untrue. – I wonder whether this author has ever read Charlie Hebdo ? It was only in February last year that the French Supreme Court declared as unconstitutional a law that made it a crime to deny the 1915 Armenian genocide. Despite this, various French leaders have pledged to pass new measures to punish those denying the Armenians’ historical claims. There was a public discussion led by many intellectuals whether passing such law is an assault on the freedom of speech. What did Charlie Hebdo say to defend the freedom of speech there? Nothing! Charlie Hebdo had absolutely no mission of promoting freedom of speech. Considering otherwise would be an insult to other people in France that are truly fighting for freedom of speech. Charlie has just been a bully. We should be able to defend the freedom of speech without associating ourselves with a bully.
Liberal freedoms live side by side with oppression in modern society which is what is really divisive. Racism is divisive and a restriction of freedom of the othered.
Charlie Hebdo is divisive by virtue of being racist. It is sad to see liberals embracing them. unsurprising though, during the first against Apartheid, Steve Biko warned of this liberal duplicity.
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/19/french-algerians-still-second-class
It may well be that many of those saying JeSuisCharlie simply wanted to stand up for the value of free speech and to express their revulsion at a horrible attack. But Charlie Hebdo is an Islamophobic publication and Muslims are an oppressed group in France. When they published cartoons attacking Muslims they were attacking a relatively powerless group and they were standing on the side of the French state – the side of power. It isn’t a simple matter of guns versus pens. The French state has guns and has killed many Muslims. Algerians have been slaughtered on the streets of Paris by the French state within living memory and the French state has been involved in many wars in Muslim countries – including Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya. That is not to say that the attacks on CH were justified – of course not – but the leaders of the West are clearly hypocritical – given that they back undemocratic regimes like Saudi Arabia – and they led the march recently. It isn’t a simple matter of liberal values versus Islamic extremists. Western leaders will clearly exploit this to drum up Islamophobia and support for war and we have already seen them using it as an excuse to clamp down on freedoms.
so strong comment Robert, thank you for putting them into words. and i like the sounf of the leaders of the West are clearly hypocritical.. many thanks. your comment broaden my horizon
“The moral acceptability and political adequacy of this stance is being questioned by an increasing number of commentators, inspiring a larger debate on the limits of free speech. The reasons given for this are many, but they boil down to a single argument: that by mocking Islam, Charlie Hebdo was contributing towards the exclusion of an already oppressed community in France, and therefore their cartoons were morally reprehensible in the first instance.”
Eh? The “larger debate on the limits of free speech…boils down to a single argument” specific to France?. This is nonsense. On stilts.
Sorry, I think there may have been an issue with the way things have been written down. What boils down to a single argument is not the debate on the limits of free speech. What boils down to a single argument are the reasons given to criticise the adequacy of the Charlie Hebdo movement.